Rural development notes pdf

Bureaucracy is based on rules, which are generally accepted by members of the organisation. Bureaucracy is relatively continuous in its operations. For example, although governments may change as one set of political figure is replaced by another.

Bureaucracy tends to remain iii. Based upon the idea of hierarchy. There are various layers of administration with lower positions under the control of and supervisions of higher ones. There can be a large number of different persons within hierarchy especially in a very large organisations such as central government ministries. Officials do not own their jobs, the job belongs to the organisation not the individual who happens to be occupying the particular position in the hierarchy at any point in time.

Largely depend upon written records in the form of files. However, many development donor agencies are very critical about bureaucracies. The general belief is that, bureaucracies are largely incompetent, inefficient and cannot effect any meaningful improvement in the lives of rural people in developing countries. In addition, the exclusion of people at the grassroots in planning and implementing programmes meant to improve their lives has contributed to the massive failure of many centralised communities development programmes.

This necessitated the emergence of decentralised planning. Decentralised administration Rondinelli defines decentralisation as the transfer of planning, decision making, administrative authority from the central government to its field organisations, local administrative units, semi-autonomous and parastatals organisations.

Forms of decentralisation: There are also a variety of different arrangments, which are often included in the discussions on decentralisation. Cheema and Rondinelli have identified four major forms of decentralisation: 1. Deconcentration 2. Devolution 3. Delegation 4. These units usually have delegated authority in policy, financial and administrative matters without any significant independent local inputs.

This type of arrangement is most often referred to as deconcentration and involves very limited transfer of authority. It involves the transfer of authority for specific decision-making, financial and management functions by administrative means to different levels under the same jurisdictional authority of the central government.

This is the least extensive type of administrative decentralization and the most common found in developing countries. Functional deconcentration occurs to the extent that specific tasks are deconcentrated to the field units of a particular ministry or agency.

Devolution involves the transfer of responsibility for governing, understood more broadly as the creation or strengthening, financially or legally, of subnational units of government, such as provincial, district, local authorities, whose activities are substantially outside the direct control of central government.

The transfer of authorities to such units is often referred to as devolution and is the most common understanding of genuine decentralization. Through devolution, the central government relinquishes certain functions or creates new units of government that are outside its direct control.

Federal states are by definition devolved, though the extent of legally defined and shared powers devolved by the federal government to lower level governmental units can be quite limited.

Devolution in its purest form has certain fundamental characteristics. First, local units of government are autonomous, independent and clearly perceived as separate levels of government over which central authorities exercise little or no direct control. Second, the local governments have clear and legally recognized geographical boundaries within which they exercise authority and perform public functions. Third, local governments have corporate status and the power to secure resources to perform their functions.

Fourth, devolution implies the need to "develop local governments as institutions" in the sense that they are perceived by local citizens as organizations providing services that satisfy their needs and as governmental units over which they have some influence. Finally, devolution is an arrangement in which there are reciprocal, mutually beneficial, and coordinate relationships between central and local governments.

Delegation is the assignment of specific decision-making authority, or the transfer of managerial responsibility for specifically defined functions to public organisations e. This is a fairly common variant of decentralization that stops short of devolution, but involves significant delegation of authorities and responsibilities. Most typically, delegation is by the central government to semi-autonomous organizations not wholly controlled by the government but legally accountable to it, such as state owned enterprises and urban or regional development corporations.

The fourth type refers to units external to the formal governmental structure nongovernmental or private , such as NGOs, corporations and companies. While sometimes included in discussions of decentralization, the nature of these transfers is not level- specific, i.

These phenomena are best not treated as forms of decentralization, but of divestment. In some cases, governments may transfer to "parallel organizations" such as national industrial and trade associations, professional or ecclesiastical organizations, political parties, or cooperatives - the right to license, regulate or supervise their members in performing functions that were previously controlled by the government. In other cases, governments may shift responsibility for producing goods or supplying services to private organizations, a process often called privatization.

Table 1. Administrative 1. Field officials Executive order national 2. Developmental Devolution National to Sub- 1. Developmental 1. Local bodies Act, Ordinance national 2. Revenue generation 2. Elected 3. Service delivery representatives 4. Political Delegation Within the 1. Local bodies Act, Ordinance, existing 2. Technical 2. Spatial authority Executive order governmental 3. Promotional 3. Production 1. In the case of any queries, you can also send us an email or Contact us on WhatsApp at Thanks for reading!

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We do not guarantee the accuracy and relevance of the information. It has the three advantages: i It lowers the risk of farmer on account of failure of monsoon. Diversification of productive activities imply a shift from crop farming to non-farming areas of employment. Non-farm areas of employment include. It has following advantages: 1. Reduce the risk from agriculture sector. Provide ecological balance. Provide sustainable livelihood option to people living in village.

Organic farming is a system of farming that maintains, enhances and restores the ecological balance. It helps in sustainable development of the agricultural sector, In organic forming, farmers use organic manure, bio fertilizers and organic pesticides.

Organic farming involves labour-intensive process of production of labour so India has comparative advantage in organic farming. You will be redirected to the google drive document view. Search for the download option in google drive document view. Click on download option, the download will automatically start. If you have any issues with any material on this website you can kindly report us, we will remove it asap.